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The compound eyes of insects

H ace a couple of months I found a small mantid on the terrace of the house. I think it was a female ameers Spallanzani. took the opportunity to do various tests on a new flash, photographing it from different angles and with different backgrounds, while climbing up a pot of ivy not only unfazed by my presence. In fact, he accepted a fly approached him with pliers, I snatched it with a real craving and ate at a time almost before I could react, like a pet accustomed to human presence. But

that is the subject in which I bring to the blog, but fascinating compound eyes.

As can be seen in the next assembly, in their great big eyes see a black spot that seems to follow the look from where we look. It is true that finding, and fall into error because they tend to resemble the pupil of our eyes, when the vision process in insects is very different.

Actually the compound eyes of insects consist of an accumulation of pieces of a hexagonal tube, rather conical, called ommatidia, each of which captures an image portion having opposite. Is comparable to a lot of these pipes are stacked in the works. As we walk in front of them seeing the light of the fund, but is not that the light will go on, but we will see on the bottom of one or the other. In this case, the eye does not follow us to us, but we are seeing the bottom of each of these ommatidia.

In the diagram I made below shows that only the solid line arrow reaches the bottom of the eye where light-sensitive cells receive the image into the brain via the optic nerve. Thus each of the ommatidia receive images that are just in front of the brain forms a complete picture by adding all the partial images. In the scheme, point C corresponds with the cornea, which is a piece of skin as a lens, the initials CR with the lens, which collects the rays of light, the R to the rhabdom, the area where the photosensitive cells, and the optic nerve N . In insects

day the ommatidia are isolated from each other as said before pipes. But the night insects, to take advantage of low light, it it can pass from one side to another and the image formed is not only a sum, but a juxtaposition of partial images. In many other insects with large eyes and not so great, can be seen that point or dark stain. For example, the well-known in this blog, mountain cicadas. Perhaps the most stunning eyes of our fauna are those of dragonflies, which occupy almost 360 degrees of its surroundings. The spot "fundus" is broader due to the large number of ommatidia, because not only has a great eye surface, but also a high density of ommatidia per square millimeter, which provides a great visual acuity. Other highlights and changing colors of the eyes of insects are due to different internal areas of the ommatidia, which change as light strikes them.

The outer part covering the eyes, change with the rest of the skin in the successive changes of growth and metamorphosis. And within some species also have their own colors according to the design and color the rest of the animal, thereby Rosenberg at mimicry, as shown in this grasshopper and cricket blackness.

A curiosity: in the dead animals to become dehydrated, you lose the optical qualities of this whole complex of living lens, which can detect whether a picture of insect is a living or are we sneaking a dead body.

The following links you can find more information about the compound eye and the structure of the ommatidia , because as I have the habit, no attempt repeat content, but invited to observe.

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oyster mushrooms, the cycle is closed.

E n September, in this post, which dealt with the cardo running and the bugs that breed on them, I mentioned that at the expense of the roots of thistle developed mushrooms Pleurotus eryngii.

Well, this weekend I was able to attend the collection of this tasty mushroom and I can not help close the loop showing the fruit of autumn. This specimen was the most beautiful little basket that was picked up. insistence never enough to say that the mushrooms are cut with a knife, never should be started, then pull them to harm the mycelium is underground and is it possible they will grow more mushrooms and fulfill their biological function.

When oyster mushrooms begin to develop are rounded and the trunk located in the middle, but if left to grow, they will take an irregular and eccentric and irregular shape. Seta not have to eat, let it grow. It is important to look past the mushrooms, damaged or attacked by insects, ie it is certainly not going to eat us, because they themselves may end up releasing the spores to ensure the next generation. And, of course, do not touch the mushrooms are not edible or not know the difference. not be desirable to collect all the mushrooms from the same place, but it is difficult that is true in places where many people interested in mycology.

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TOCA HOY ..... BIODIESEL SOAP ASSORTMENT




Years ago I started making soap with used oil that we all have in our kitchens. Vice jabonero Once entered into my veins, followed soap with new oils and left a bit left the soap recycling. At first I accumulated the fryer oil stored them in plastic pots, but now my husband has found a way to put it to use: biodiesel.
The process for making biodiesel is very similar to soap making, a little more complex and precise, but basically very similar. It is economically and environmentally intersante use used oil, give it a second life to a highly polluting waste product and can be used in heating and of course, in our car, with a zero balance in terms of CO2 emissions.
oil conversion used in biodiesel is called transesterification and the chemical reaction we get a methyl ester (biodiesel), glycerin and a little soap. Reagents to achieve this prodigious change than methanol (an alcohol) and lye (an alkali), in such proportions as to dictate the quality of oil that we will use.

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The mysterious case of strawberry flowers

L ast week commented on how various insects took advantage of the table set involving strawberry flowers at this time, which is increasingly having fewer flowering plants, but there are still days I quite warm enough for the insects are active.

I was going to take pictures of these insects when I realized that many of the flower clusters were perforated corolla.

had to find the "guilty" of such a crime, so I set out not only to photograph insects coming to the strawberry, but also the way they drink nectar from flowers.

Most striking are undoubtedly the bees of the genus Bombus , with great concern ranging from one flower to another without letting me do the photos at home. I have to focus manually, because they are surrounded by objects that trick the auto focus and it does not stand still, get behind the bunch, come back, be placed on their backs or get scared if I go too. This is the only acceptable after many failures. , however, I could see that their system suck the nectar is getting the peak of the natural opening of the corolla. As you are about to make this honey bee. also found a small beetle that came and went through both the natural orifice of the flower as the holes made by the offender unknown. I cut a bunch to watch more carefully and I was surprised that many flowers had beetles were inside whole or bitten. Were as suspicious but could not ensure that they were guilty. were at least two different species and some, I must say that I feel very uneasy. Several species of flies came also strawberry. Especially this great sirphid, almost perfect mimic of bees, which also has a habit of buzzing near my face when moving from flower to an attempt to scare me, I guess. These and other flies noticed that sometimes took advantage of the holes already made to access the inside of the flower, but never do anything like it try to open the holes themselves. Finally came two fat bumblebees Xilocopa that much more sparingly than Bombus turned to go quietly flowers, what they were doing? ... they pierce the corolla with great skill to reach the nectar by the shortest route. Here irrefutable proof. And here in expanded view, if there were doubts. I could see, and this picture is proof, so get into flowers whose corolla is not yet open, thus anticipating other nectar eaters. Mind you I can not help suspecting, too, of beetles, but I think they are devoted mainly to enlarge the stab wounds that give the dark bees.

I know they are guilty and that perhaps such treatment to the detriment of fruit production next year, but I like both, to go unpunished. The penalty is not involved to make nests somewhere that I can control to observe their behavior.

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perforated prints in the garden Autumn Walking on water

ike I change the weather, these days are mixed images with other late summer and autumn pure.

The more rustic lily still show occasional flower and the rare variety of Passionaria, Passiflora sp. that grows in the south wall of the house will, as every year, to be florida to freeze a of these nights.

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These flowers will come in handy to some bees, wasps and bees primarily to Bombus, are still active sunny days. When I had this plant in the covered terrace is not freezing in winter, but it looked much worse and, while giving many fruits, passion fruits, these were as empty as the few that are growing. Each year he returns to sprout with renewed vigor and bloom for several months until the cold can with it.

But the vine that now shines in all its glory is the ivy , Parthenocisus , which also show the red leaves bore fruit like grapes, as befits a kind of the same family the vines. I have read that some of these grapes can be edible, but given that there are enough species of these vines and are difficult to differentiate, I would not try and also keep away from the Sweet Tooth.

Among the leaves of the vine in the photo are also of ivy, Hedera helix , with its modest flowers. Although there are striking color is visited by bees and wasps and flies especially as this blowfly, Calliphora sp . In all pictures of blow flies that I have is seen as dirty are completely different from the glossy appearance of bees and wasps, although they are feeding on the same flowers. On his chest and abdomen particles are always looking for dandruff.

berries also have the durillo Viburnun tinus, diuretic and laxative properties, but with a degree of toxicity so high it is better not to try to make preparations at home with them difficult to control the dose. It seems they taste so bad that it is not easy to eat for pleasure.

While some plants keep fruits, already seeing the first flower buds, which will take several months to develop and will change color and appearance of the plant, and thus the simplicity of its maintenance the harsh conditions of the center of the peninsula, I think one of the best shrubs that can be put in a hedge.

is something like what happens with the strawberry , Arbutus unedo, the fruits begin to mature while the new flowers emerge. Throughout the year there are many possibilities that a storm or any other cause of damage, so the fruit yield is very variable. I take good years for macerating in anisette liqueur sweet. If the harvest is low to none, not lame anyway always reserve a part for birds, along with other berries that I have scattered throughout the garden showed as last year.

I've also finished the season by collecting, in my own benefit, fruits of the fig, Ficus carica , summer to keep covered with a network. Now let figs retreat available to birds when they begin to need more.

And last for today, but not in the garden, something very special to me, the acorn of Pyrenean oak, Quercus pyrenaica , which this year have produced much fruit. Especially excited because I myself planted acorns from 12 years ago, shortly after moving to this house. And last year gave the odd acorns, but this year are in full production. Also this year have had a couple of Agay species, which is how most of my old oaks, as I feel they are integrated into the ecosystem with their insect parasites and, I suppose, that many more animals that I still have to discover.

and I think my garden is helping to maintain biodiversity and even increase in a rather monotonous meadows and gardens with many native species, including in mine, which also has its concessions to aesthetics.